Quick reference

Notation, templates and formulas from the whole course on one searchable page.

Proposal sections

Title and team
Problem analysis and motivation
Objectives (SMART)
Literature review / related work
Methodology
Feasibility study (technical, economic, legal, operational, schedule)
Main phases and detailed work plan
Gantt chart
Budget
Risk analysis
Expected outcome, conclusion, references

Economic feasibility formulas

payback period = development cost ÷ (annual benefit − annual running cost)
ROI = (total benefit − total cost) ÷ total cost × 100%
NPV = −initial cost + Σ_t=1..n net benefit_t ÷ (1 + r)^t
risk score = probability × impact (1–5 each)

LaTeX: special characters

Type	To print
%	\%
$	\$
&	\&
#	\#
_	\_
{ }	\{ \}
~	\textasciitilde
^	\^{}
\	\textbackslash
“quotes”	``quotes''

LaTeX: document skeleton

\documentclass[12pt]{article}
\usepackage{amsmath, graphicx, biblatex}
\addbibresource{refs.bib}
\title{Title} \author{Team} \date{\today}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\begin{abstract} ... \end{abstract}
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}
See Section~\ref{sec:intro} and~\cite{key}.
\printbibliography
\end{document}

LaTeX: maths

Write	For
$x^2$, $x_i$	super/subscript
\frac{a}{b}	fraction
\sqrt{x}	root
\sum_{i=1}^{n}	sum
\leq \geq \neq \pm \infty	≤ ≥ ≠ ± ∞
\begin{equation} … \end{equation}	numbered display
\begin{align} a &= b \\ &= c \end{align}	aligned lines (amsmath)

LaTeX: figure and table

\begin{figure}[htbp]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{file}
  \caption{Caption.}\label{fig:key}
\end{figure}

\begin{table}[htbp]
  \centering
  \caption{Caption.}\label{tab:key}
  \begin{tabular}{|l|c|r|} \hline
  A & B & C \\ \hline
  \end{tabular}
\end{table}

LaTeX: algorithm

\begin{algorithm}
\caption{Name}
\begin{algorithmic}[1]
\State $s \gets 0$
\For{$i \gets 1$ to $n$} \State $s \gets s + i$ \EndFor
\If{$s > 10$} \State ... \Else \State ... \EndIf
\While{cond} \State ... \EndWhile
\Return $s$
\end{algorithmic}
\end{algorithm}

IEEE SRS outline

Introduction: purpose, conventions, audience, scope, references
Overall description: perspective, features, user classes, environment, constraints, documentation, assumptions
System features: description & priority, stimulus/response, functional requirements
External interfaces: user, hardware, software, communications
Non-functional: performance, safety, security, quality attributes, business rules
Other requirements; appendices (glossary, models, TBD list)

Qualities of a good requirement

Correct · unambiguous · complete · consistent · ranked for importance · verifiable · modifiable · traceable. Write “The system shall …”, one idea, with an ID and a number for every quality.

SDLC models

Model	Use when
Waterfall	requirements fixed and well understood
V-model	fixed requirements and high reliability; a test per phase
Iterative	large system, core requirements known, changes expected
Spiral	large, costly, high-risk; risk analysis every loop
Agile	requirements change; customer available; short sprints
Prototyping	requirements unclear, especially the UI

DFD symbols and rules

Symbol	Yourdon	Gane–Sarson
Process	circle	rounded rectangle
Data store	two parallel lines	open-ended rectangle with ID
External entity	rectangle	rectangle
Data flow	labelled arrow	labelled arrow

Every flow starts or ends at a process. No entity→entity, entity→store, store→entity or store→store flows. Levels must balance. Level 0 has one process and no stores.

Use case diagram

Element	Notation
Actor	stick figure outside the boundary
Use case	ellipse, verb + object
Association	solid line
«include»	dashed arrow, base → included (always)
«extend»	dashed arrow, extension → base (sometimes)
Generalization	solid line, hollow triangle to the parent

Sequence diagram messages

Message	Line	Head
Synchronous	solid	filled
Reply	dashed	open
Asynchronous	solid	open
Self	U-shape	filled
Create	dashed, «create»	open
Destroy	solid	ends in ✕

Fragments: alt (if/else), opt (if), loop, par, ref, break. Lifeline name: instance : Class.

Class diagram notation

Symbol	Meaning
+ - # ~	public, private, protected, package
underline	static
italic	abstract
name : Type = value	attribute
op(p : T) : R	operation
1, 0..1, , 1..	multiplicity

Relationship	Line	End
Association	solid	none / open arrow
Dependency	dashed	open arrow
Aggregation	solid	hollow diamond at the whole
Composition	solid	filled diamond at the whole
Generalization	solid	hollow triangle at the parent
Realization	dashed	hollow triangle at the interface

Nielsen’s heuristics

Visibility of system status
Match between system and the real world
User control and freedom
Consistency and standards
Error prevention
Recognition rather than recall
Flexibility and efficiency of use
Aesthetic and minimalist design
Help users recognise, diagnose and recover from errors
Help and documentation

Accessibility numbers (WCAG 2.2)

Check	Minimum
Normal text contrast (AA)	4.5 : 1
Large text (≥ 24 px or ≥ 18.5 px bold)	3 : 1
Icons, borders, focus rings	3 : 1
Enhanced text contrast (AAA)	7 : 1
Target size (2.5.8, AA)	24 × 24 CSS px

Figma shortcuts

Action	Shortcut
Frame	F (or A)
Rectangle / ellipse / text	R / O / T
Create component	Ctrl/⌘ + Alt/⌥ + K
Auto layout	Shift + A
Group	Ctrl/⌘ + G
Present prototype	Ctrl/⌘ + Alt/⌥ + Enter